EM Algorithm: Confidence Regions

A previous post related to estimation using the EM algorithm described how to calculate a 100(1 - \alpha)$\%$ confidence intervals for $\theta$ (with an application to binomial mixtures).  This blogpost will be discuss two additional topics:

1) How to calculate 100(1-$\alpha$)$\%$ confidence regions of $\theta$?

If we consider the information matrix
$$I(\theta) = - \frac{\partial^2 Q}{\partial \theta^2 } |_{\theta = \hat{\theta} }$$
where $Q(\theta | \theta^{(t)}) = E_{Z_i | Y_i, \theta^{(t)}} [ L_0(\theta | X) ]$, then it was previously shown a $100(1-\alpha)\%$ confidence interval for $\theta$

$$[\hat{\theta} - Z_{\alpha/2} (\frac{1}{\sqrt{I(\theta)}}) , \hat{\theta} + Z_{\alpha/2} (\frac{1}{\sqrt{I(\theta)}}) ]$$

If we consider a p-dimensional $\theta$, a 100(1-\alpha)$\%$ likelihood-ratio confidence region would be given by 

$$\{ \theta: 2(l (\hat{\theta}) - l(\theta)) \leq \chi^2_{p, \alpha} \}$$  

On the other than a 100(1-\alpha)$\%$ Wald confidence region would given by 

$$\{ \theta: (\theta - \hat{\theta})^{T} V^{-1} (\theta - \hat{\theta}) \leq \chi^2_{p, \alpha} \}$$
where $V^{-1}$ is given by $- Q^{''}(\hat{\theta})$.

2) How to calculate 100(1-$\alpha$)$\%$ confidence regions of $h(\theta)$ where $\frac{\partial h(\theta)}{\partial \theta}$ exists and is non-zero? 

For this question, we are interested in confidence regions of $h(\theta)$ which is a q-dimensional where $q \leq p$  Using the Delta Method and asymptotic efficiency of MLEs [see Casella and Berger (2002) Second Edition, pg 473],  the variance of $h(\hat{\theta})$ is approximated by 

$$\text{Var}[h(\hat{\theta})] \approx [ \frac{\partial h(\theta)}{\partial \theta}  |_{\theta = \hat{\theta} } ]^T  [I(\theta) |_{\theta = \hat{\theta} } ]^{-1}  [ \frac{\partial h(\theta)}{\partial \theta}  |_{\theta = \hat{\theta} } ]$$  

Therefore, a 100(1-\alpha)$\%$ Wald confidence region for $h(\theta)$ would given by 

$$\{ \theta: (h(\theta) - h(\hat{\theta}))^{T} V^{-1} (h(\theta) - h(\hat{\theta})) \leq \chi^2_{p, \alpha} \}$$  

where 

$$V^{-1} = [\text{Var}(h(\hat{\theta}))]^{-1}$$

For p or q = 2, these confidence regions can easily be plotted using the contour2d() function in R.